Search Results for: Vitamin C

Definition guide of skin and hair care terms. We define active organic and high-end ingredients with big impact. New terms updated regularly.

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B

B3 – Be    Bh – Bu

Bhringraj

Bhringraj is another name for False Daisy. It is an Ayurvedic herb with medicinal properties. Bhringraj oil is commonly used for hair rejuvenation. It reduces hair fall by strengthening hair roots and promoting blood circulation. It can reduce premature hair graying. It is also seen in acne skin care as an antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory.

Bibhitaki

Bibhitaki Fruits Extract is high in Vitamin C and fights skin allergies.

Bifida Ferment Lysate, Bifida Extract

Bifida Extract or Bifida Ferment Lysate is a probiotic in the kombucha family. It reduces skin sensitivity and kick starts the skin into healing itself. [10] It enables more sensitive skin to tolerate the potential irritation of transformative topicals, like Vitamin C or retinols.

Biotin

Biotin is Vitamin H. Biotin is in many hair growth supplements because it helps hair cells reach full growth cycle. It builds keratin, the foundation of hair and nail growth. Biotin is also included in some shampoos for direct scalp applications. It maintains blood sugar levels and is known to grow strong, long hair and nails.

Biotin deficiency symptoms include hair loss, dry skin, and cracking of the corners of the mouth. Biotin is naturally found in nuts, eggs, avocado, and cauliflower.

Topical Biotin aids skin hydration, moisturizes, and restores dry skin. It also helps fight acne. It makes skin glow, reduces redness and skin cracking.

Black cumin oil come from Black cumin seeds of the Nigella sativa, AKA virgin in the green flower

Black Cumin Seed Oil, Black Seed Oil

Black Cumin Oil is for dry hair, treating eczema and psoriasis, and for hair growth. It is an anti-inflammatory that soothes scalp conditions that cause flakiness and sensitivity. It also kills fungal infections.

Black Cumin Oil works well with other ingredients to provide therapeutic effects. Black Seed Oil comes from the seeds of the flower Nigella sativa seeds of the flower.

Bladder wrack seaweed

Bladderwrack Extract

Bladderwrack Is a form of seaweed. It reduces the pooling of the blood pigment heme under the skin. Heme accumulation results in dark circles with a purple or brown tint. Especially helpful on under eye circles.

Limited studies show topical application of Bladderwrack extract supports collagen [11] and elastin production and a reduction in the appearance of cellulite. [12]

Blueberry Seed Oil

Organic blueberry seed oil minimizes fine lines on lips. It promotes skin elasticity for firmer, youthful skin.

Borage Oil

Borage Oil is applied to the skin and taken orally in supplements. It contributes to scalp health and reduces inflammation. It is a good fat that contributes towards lush hair. It calms the skin with nourishing GLAs.

Borage flower

Botanical

A botanical is an ingredient that comes from herbs, roots, flowers, fruits, leaves or seeds.

A natural ingredient, but the processing may or may not be clean and green or organic.

Brahmi

Brahmi (Bacopa) has long been used in India for hair and skin. It is a free-radical fighter, which makes hair look younger longer. In hair care, it promotes long and shiny hair growth. It is used for men’s beards for thickness and fuller growth. It is available in both an oil or powder for use in hair treatments. Often used with Amla and Bhringraj.

Brassica Campestris

Brassica Campestris is better known as mustard or rapeseed oil. It is an emollient antioxidant that is rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. [13]. Skin conditioner.

A combination of two natural oils that provide a soft and smooth finish and help form a “film” for product staying power.

Brazil Nut Seed Oil

Cold-press unrefined Bertholletia excelsa is Brazil nut seed oil. Cold-pressed preserves the most nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. It is a restorative antioxidant that fights UV damage.

Brazil nut oil is an outstanding anti-aging oil that reduces transepidermal water loss. It promotes skin elasticity via minerals such as Copper. It also nourishes and refines the skin with Vitamins E, A, C, and D. It provides hydration and imparts a natural skin glow via fatty acids including linoleic, oleic fatty acids, and palmitic acid.

Brazil nut oil restores elasticity to the skin

Broad Spectrum CBD 

Broad Spectrum CBD oil comes from hemp leaves. It has all of the helpful cannabinoids such as CBG and CBN but without the intoxicating effects of THC. It is less processed than a CBD Isolate.

Broad Spectrum CBD will not get you high or make you feel altered.

burdock

Buffer, Buffering Agent

A neutral or soothing ingredient that minimizes the irritation level of a solution when an acid or a base is added. An example would be a moisturizer such as Aloe Vera or Jojoba added to a Retinol product.

Burdock

Topically applied Burdock kills bacteria before it can cause acne. It also fades scars.

Buriti Fruit Oil

Buriti Fruit Oil (Maurita Flexuosa) comes from the moriche palm tree, found in the Amazon Rainforest.

It is rich in vitamin E, C and pro-vitamin A.  It sinks into deeper skin layers to treat wrinkles and fine lines.

Buriti Fruit Oil is amazing for healing burns and scars. It also supports collagen and elastin production.

Butylene Glycol

Butylene Glycol is organic alcohol, one of the good alcohols. It is a conditioning agent that softens skin, a humectant that coats the cell surface.

References

1. Pirez-S¡nchez A. Nutraceuticals for Skin Care: A Comprehensive Review of Human Clinical Studies. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):403.
2. Komane, Baatile M., et al. Beauty in Baobab: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Adansonia digitata seed oil, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, Volume 27, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-8, ISSN 0102-695X,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.07.001
3. Dhaliwal, S.; Rybak, I.; Ellis, S.R.; Notay, M.; Trivedi, M.; Burney, W.; Vaughn, A.R.; Nguyen, M.; Reiter, P. (February 2019). €œProspective, randomized, double blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing . British Journal of Dermatology. 180 (2): 289 €“296. doi:10.1111/bjd.16918. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 29947134.
4. Chaudhuri RK, Bojanowski K. Bakuchiol: a retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014 Jun;36(3):221-30. doi: 10.1111/ics.12117. Epub 2014 Mar 6. PMID: 24471735.
5. Ohno O, Watabe T, Nakamura K, Kawagoshi M, Uotsu N, Chiba T, Yamada M, Yamaguchi K, Yamada K, Miyamoto K, Uemura D. Inhibitory effects of bakuchiol, bavachin, and isobavachalcone isolated from Piper longum on melanin production in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(7):1504-6. doi: 10.1271/bbb.100221. Epub 2010 Jul 7. PMID: 20622433.
6. Chaudhuri, Ratan & Marchio, Francois. (2011). Bakuchiol in the management of acne-affected Skin. Cosmet. Toilet.. 126. 502-510.
7. Kortemeier, U., Langer, S., Schwab, P., Yang, B., Howe, A., & Facuri, S. (2013). Ingredients for ethnic hair care products: ethnic care. South African Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Review, 40(3), 18-22.
8. de Cássia da Silveira E Sá, Rita et al. “Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents: An Update.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 18,12 2392. 9 Dec. 2017, doi:10.3390/ijms18122392
9. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 2011;24(6):289-93. 2011 Jun 25., Dermocosmetics for dry skin: a new role for botanical extracts.
10. International Journal of Women €™s Dermatology, June 2015, pages 85-89
    
11. Al-Bader T, Byrne A, Gillbro J, Mitarotonda A, Metois A, Vial F, Rawlings AV, Laloeuf A. Effect of cosmetic ingredient as anticellulite agents: synergistic action of actives with in vitro and in vivo efficacy. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012 Mar;11(1):17-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00594.x. PMID: 22360330.
12. Fujimura T, Tsukahara K, Moriwaki S, Kitahara T, Sano T, Takema Y. Treatment of human skin with an extract of Fucus vesiculosus changes its thickness and mechanical properties. J Cosmet Sci. 2002 Jan-Feb;53(1):1-9. PMID: 11917251.
13. Rivera, D., Rommi, K., Fernandes, M. M., Lantto, R., & Tzanov, T. (2015). Biocompounds from rapeseed oil industry co-stream as active ingredients for skin care applications.International journal of cosmetic science, 37(5), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12222

An A to Z Glossary of skin & hair care ingredients & terms. Definition guide of skin & hair care buzzwords. Focusing on ingredients with effective results.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M

N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V |W| X | Y | Z

A

A – Al     Am – Az

Amla fruit AKA Indian Gooseberry

Amino Acids

Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are commonly found in shampoos, conditioners, and leave-in products. These small acids compose keratin. Keratin is the main structural component of hair. Amino acids contained in hair care are small enough to penetrate the hair shaft to repair and strengthen. Amino Acids are also found in skincare, generally geared towards collagen production.

Amla

Amla (AKA Emblica Officinalis) is for both hair and skin care. For skin care, Amla is high in Vitamin C to increase collagen and fades scars. Amla is nutrient-rich and restorative. Amla is a wonder fruit. It is a non-greasy oil to help grow long, silky and shiny hair. Indian Gooseberry makes hair soft, silky, and pliable. Amla nourishes both hair and scalp, promotes hair growth and to prevent grey hair.

Amalaki

Amalaki is another term for Amla or Indian Gooseberry. It prevents damage to the skin and soothes redness.

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

Amaranthus hypochondriacus makes skin glow

Unrefined amaranth seed oil is naturally rich in squalene, vitamin E, and omega-6. These provide skin a dewy glow and quickly absorb.

Amaranth seed oil provides an outstanding fatty acid profile to hydrate delicate eye area skin.  It is a natural anti-inflammatory antioxidant and is non-comedogenic.

Amyris Balsamifera

Amyris balsamifera is Amyris bark oil, which is a moisturizing oil from the torchwood tree.

It is often used as an essential oil for relaxation. It also has skin rejuvenation benefits that slow down the appearance of aging.

Andiroba Seed Oil

Andiroba Seed Oil is cold-pressed extracted from the Andiroba tree seeds of the Amazon Forest. Andiroba seed oil is naturally rich in antioxidants, Vitamins A, C and E, and fatty acids. It is ideal for dry skin types as an emollient that is easily absorbed. It promotes skin elasticity.

Ananas Sativus Fruit

Ananas Sativus Fruit is Pineapple Fruit.

It contains fruit extracts that are effective exfoliants to sloughs off dead cells on the surface of the skin while imparting soothing skin benefits.

Antioxidants

Apple Stem Cells target wrinkles

Antioxidants prevent premature aging by slowing down or preventing the oxidation of important molecules, including within the hair and skin. They prevent deterioration from various chemical reactions with oxygen. Anti-oxidant foods, supplements, and topicals are a scientifically proven part of effective skincare.

Apium graveolens

Apium graveolens is organic celery CO2 Total extract.

Celery is trending in skincare because it is a soothing anti-inflammatory that contains Vitamins A, C, and K.
Celery extract is an antioxidant that fights free radicals and sun damage.

Celery contains Vitamins A, C, and K

Apple Stem Cells

Apple Stem Cells are a highly effective form of stem cells that target wrinkles. Apple Stem cells come from a specific Swiss apple variety.

Apricot

Apricot Oil

An emollient that softens and smooths. Apricot Kernel oil is lighter than many other oils but still provides great sheen.

Ideal for thin, fine hair, or thin blonde or silver hair. An emollient that softens and smooths. For skin, apricot oil contains antioxidant vitamin E and nourishing fatty acids (mostly oleic acid 54-74%, linoleic acid 12-35%). It has nourishing and moisturizing properties and is quite easily absorbed into the skin.

Aqua 3G 

This ingredient is rare in skincare products because it is quite pricey. It contains an algae extract called glyceryl-glucoside. Glyceryl-glucoside works with the Aquaporins, the water conduits of cells. It stops moisture loss.

Arbutin

A natural skin-lightening agent extracted from bearberry. It is composed of glucose and hydroquinone. It inhibits melanocytes from producing melanin. Over time this slowly reduces hyperpigmentation. Effective on acne scars, photoaging, age spots and certain types of dark undereye circles. Pairs well with Niacinamide. Also seen as Alpha-arbutin in some cosmetic formulations.

Argan Nut is the source of Argan Oil

Argan Oil

Argan Oil or Argan Nut Oil deeply hydrates scaly skin and dry hair.

For skin, it regulates sebum production to reduce breakouts and fades acne scars. It is an anti-oxidant with fatty acids that are like a superfood for the skin.

Argan oil massaged into the scalp aids in stimulating hair growth. It softens hair length but its’ best use is the repair of damaged follicles.

Arginine

An amino acid that protects skin from free radicals.

Arginine is an essential amino acid, the building blocks of skin peptides and proteins as well as hydration transportation within the skin. It helps restore skin damage. Vital to healthy, beautiful skin.

Argireline

Argireline is called Botox in a Jar because it inhibits the muscle contractions that cause expression lines. There is no impairment of your actual facial expressions.

Argireline does not repair skin or boost collagen; it only limits future damage.

Arnica Montana flower

Arnica

Arnica flower is a natural anti-inflammatory. It reduces puffiness without causing dryness or dehydration around the delicate eye skin. It also decreases bruising and inflammation. Arnica promotes healing and reduces swelling.

Arnica flower is also known as Arnica Montana flower or the mountain daisy.

Arrowroot Powder

Arrowroot Powder is a skin softener that heals burns and abrasions. It also works to thicken the consistency of a product. Commonly used in organic shaving lotions and dry skincare creams and lotions. It is a pre-emptive remedy for razor burn.

Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic Acid, also known as L-Ascorbic Acid, is a soluble, stable Vitamin C that is used on a topical level.  It brightens the skin, increases collagen production, and reduces free-radical damage.  It is the strongest C of several C variants available within Vitamin C products. If well tolerated, Ascorbic Acid works quickly, especially when formulated with effective buffering ingredients.

Ascorbyl Glucoside

A stable C derivative that easily penetrates the skin. Research shows once it penetrates the skin it behaves like pure vitamin C offering antioxidant protection, collagen boosting, and fading hyperpigmentation.[2]

Ascorbyl Palmitate

Ascorbyl Palmitate a stable form of topical Vitamin C. It is fat-soluble. It is less acidic, resulting in less skin irritation or redness when applied topically.  As a supplement, Ascorbyl Palmitate is an excellent anti-oxidant and is readily available in powder and supplement form. See C Ester.

Asparagus

Asparagus is an anti-inflammatory and diuretic that removes skin puffiness. It has excellent skin-conditioning and anti-aging properties. It slows the cellular aging process including collagen loss and dermis thinning.

Asparagus

Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is one of the most powerful antioxidants in skincare. It is 65 times stronger than Vitamin C in combating free radicals. It protects collagen and elastin skin cells against oxidation or decay. [3, 4] It is moisturizing and has UV blocking properties.

Astaxanthin counteracts UV damage and improves elasticity via improved skin function. It promotes collagen production. [5] Astaxanthin suppresses hyperpigmentation and photoaging. Clinical studies show Astaxanthin reduces wrinkle formation [6].

Australian Kakadu Plum

Kakadu plums are the highest natural source of vitamin C to support collagen synthesis and provide antioxidant support. It reduces acne, fades scars, and reduces fine lines.

Kakadu plums are also high in gallic acid and ellagic acid to fight free radicals, hydrate the skin and prevent the skin from damage.

Avena Sativa

Avena Sativa is better known as colloidal oatmeal.

Avobenzone

Within topical, broad range UV protectors and sunscreens, avobenzone is a chemical that blocks UVA I, UVA II, and UVB wavelengths, greatly reducing the impact of UV rays causing photodamage.  [7]

Avena Strigosa Seed Extract

Black oat extract is rich in amino acids. It helps even brittle, dry hair retain moisture. It also imparts a healthy-looking natural gloss.

Avocado Oil

Avocado

Avocado oil benefits the hair, scalp, and skin. Avocado oil massaged into the scalp prompts blood flow to hair follicles. Avocado Oil is 72% monounsaturated fatty acids. This is higher than Coconut or Grapeseed oils. Avocado Oil mixes with water better than other oils. Avocado oil readily penetrates into the hair strand and even the hair cortex. Avocado Oil doesn’t sit on the scalp like Coconut. Rather it absorbs, making it an ideal moisturizer for dry, itchy scalps.  Avocado oil decreases dryness and improves texture on hair and skin. Rich in Omegas 3 and 6, Vitamins C, D, and E, Avocado Oil promotes scar healing and collagen production.[8]

Azelaic Acid

Azelaic Acid is an organic compound that brightens the skin tone. It gently reduces skin redness even in pustular rosacea.

Azulene

Azulene (Guaiazulene) is a naturally blue oil that is extracted from chamomile. In skincare, like chamomile, it holds skin-soothing properties including being an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-fungal agent.

References

1. Vinay, T. et al. Beneficial Effects of Marine Algal Compounds in Cosmeceuticals. Marine Drugs 11(1), 146-164 (2013)
2. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Volume 11 (4)  Dec 1, 2012, Stability, transdermal penetration, and cutaneous effects of ascorbic acid and its derivatives
3. Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2018 Apr 22;10(4):522. doi: 10.3390/nu10040522. PMID: 29690549; PMCID: PMC5946307.
4. Nishida, Y. and E. Yamashita. œQuenching Activities of Common Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Antioxidants against Singlet Oxygen Using Chemiluminescence Detection System. 2007).
   
5. Camera E., Mastrofrancesco A., Fabbri C., Daubrawa F., Picardo M., Sies H., Stahl W. Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and beta-carotene differently affect UVA-induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes. Exp. Dermatol. 2009;18:222–231. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00790.x.
6. Tominaga K., Hongo N., Karato M., Yamashita E. Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on human subjects. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2012;59:43-47.
7. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 51040, Avobenzone. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Avobenzone. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.
8. de Oliveira, Ana Paula et al. “Effect of semisolid formulation of persea americana mill (avocado) oil on wound healing” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM vol. 2013 (2013): 472382. doi:10.1155/2013/47238

DEFINING BEAUTY Glossary © 2022 Style Chicks and StyleChicks.com.

All Rights Reserved.

Skin & Hair Glossary of ingredients & terms seen on Style Chicks. Which skin & hair ingredients give the best results.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M

N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V |W| X | Y | Z

S

Sa  – Se   Sh – So   Sp-Sw

Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

The sun protection factor is the amount of the protection a sun product provides. The higher the SPF, the greater the protection. Some ingredients such as Coconut Oil has a small natural amount of SPF. The minimum SPF for basic sun protection is 30 SPF. This number increases with various needs including Retinol and Vitamin C use, exceptionally fair skin, or previous incidences of skin cancer.

Spirulina

Spirulina

Spirulina is a plant-based protein full of amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Spirulina contains anti-aging tyrosine, vitamin E or tocopherol, and selenium.  Spirulina applied topically removes darkness around the eyes and works as a natural toner. It can also be applied topically to the skin within a product or in a facial mask for skin nourishment and softness. As an oral supplement, it nourishes skin with its high vitamin and mineral content and serves as an anti-oxidant. Spirulina is used in shampoos and conditioners to accelerate hair growth and topically treats dandruff.

Squalane

Squalane comes from sugar cane or olives. Squalene mimics the skin’s natural sebum (Squalene) and makes the skin barrier extra smooth and soft. It is suitable for even highly sensitive or irritated skin. Vegan squalane is derived from olives. rice, or sugar cane. Helpful for acne.  It has all the benefits of Olive Oil but without the greasiness.

Vegan squalene comes from olives

Squalene

Squalene is the skin’s natural sebum, a lipid made by our oil glands to maintain the skin barrier. It is an antioxidant that fights free radicals. It decreases within the body after age 30.  Squalene was formerly harvested from shark liver oil for cosmetic purposes, but now plant based Squalane is almost universally used in skincare.

St. John’s Wort

Flowers of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

St. John’s Wort is traditionally used in tinctures and preparations for topical wound care, sunburns, abrasions, bruises, contusions. [5] It is rich in antioxidants but contains hypericin which causes excess sensitivity to sunlight and potential skin irritation. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

Steam Distilled Citrus Aurantium Dulcis

Better known as Sweet Orange Peel Oil.

Sweet Orange Peel Oil

Orange Peel has more Vitamin C than the fleshly orange fruit, almost double.

The bacteria-fighting and inflammation reduction properties reduce acne without excess skin drying.

It fights free radicals, removes blackheads, and reduces wrinkles. It is an ideal ingredient for face masks and scrubs.

 

Sulphates

Cleansing agents that create a lather used to remove dirt and oil.

Sunflower Seed Oil

Sunflower Seed Oil reduces hair breakage

Sunflower Seed Oil is hydrating, nourishing, and an excellent supporting oil base. It retains moisture in the skin and is also rich in vitamin E. Sunflower oil retains moisture in brittle hair, thereby reducing hair breakage. Read How to use Sunflower Oil for Hair and Skin.

Sunscreen

A scientifically proven part of skincare. Ingredients applied to the skin to absorb, to reflect, or to scatter UV rays. Mandatory for Vitamin C and retinol users. Sunscreen typically contains chemical or natural ingredients such as Zinc Oxide. Sunscreen level is measured in SPF. Broad Spectrum is considered the most beneficial.

Sweet Almond

Sweet Almond Oil

Sweet Almond Oil is a light oil, ideal for very stressed or very fine texture hair. Sweet almond oil contains proteins and vitamins A, B, D, and E. It can be used as a leave-in for protection and to add shine to fine, lackluster, and dull hair.

Sweet Basil 

Sweet Basil repairs and refreshes lackluster skin.

It reduces acne breakouts while counteracting skin dryness.  It enhances skin resilience.

Sweet Basil also has toning properties.

Swiss Apple Stem Cells

Swiss Apple Stem Cells

A natural alternative to Bimatoprost in Peptide-based growth lash serums.

Stem cells from a specific variety of apple cultivated for the purpose of vegan, organic or natural stem cell ingredient options. It is also called Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture Extract. Malus Domestica is a Swiss Apple particularly suited for creating vegan-based stem cells. It holds both skin and hair applications. The stem cells build new tissue, delay aging, and fight wrinkles. Swiss Apple Stem Cells also encourage hair, lashes, and eyebrows to renew hair at the follicle. It decreases the hair shedding phase of the growth cycle, so lashes stay in longer.

References

1. Garg VK, Sinha S, Sarkar R. Glycolic acid peels versus salicylic-mandelic acid peels in active acne vulgaris and post-acne scarring and hyperpigmentation: A comparative study. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:59-65.
2. Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. “Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes” Invest Dermatol. 1998 Jun;110(6):849-53. PubMed PMID: 9620288.
3. Zieli„ska, A., & Nowak, I. (2017). Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil. Lipids in health and disease, 16(1), 95. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0469-7).
4. Klock, J. *; Ikeno, H. +; Ohmori, K. ++; Nishikawa, T. [S]; Vollhardt, J. *; Schehlmann, V. *, Sodium ascorbyl phosphate shows in vitro and in vivo efficacy in the prevention and treatment of acne vulgaris. [Article] International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 27(3):171-176, June 2005.
5. Wlfle U., Seelinger G, Schempp CM., “Topical application of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) Plant” Med. 2014 Feb;80(2-3):109-20. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-13510